physical-layer operations and maintenance

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• Network planning and design — is an iterative process, encompassing topological design, network synthesis, and network realization, and is aimed at ensuring that a new network or service meets the needs of the subscriber and operator.[1] The process can be tailored according… …   Wikipedia

• art conservation and restoration — Maintenance and preservation of works of art, their protection from future damage, deterioration, or neglect, and the repair or renovation of works that have deteriorated or been damaged. Research in art history has relied heavily on 20th and… …   Universalium

• Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

• canals and inland waterways — ▪ waterway Introduction       natural or artificial waterways used for navigation, crop irrigation, water supply, or drainage.       Despite modern technological advances in air and ground transportation, inland waterways continue to fill a vital …   Universalium

• Passive optical network — A passive optical network (PON) is a point to multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve multiple premises, typically 32 128. A PON consists of an …   Wikipedia

• harbours and sea works — Introduction harbour also spelled  harbor        any part of a body of water and the manmade structures surrounding it that sufficiently shelters a vessel from wind, waves, and currents, enabling safe anchorage or the discharge and loading of… …   Universalium

• Architecture and Civil Engineering — ▪ 2009 Introduction Architecture       For Notable Civil Engineering Projects in work or completed in 2008, see Table (Notable Civil Engineering Projects (in work or completed, 2008)).        Beijing was the centre of the world of architecture… …   Universalium

• tunnels and underground excavations — ▪ engineering Introduction        Great tunnels of the world Great tunnels of the worldhorizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature s action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone. A vertical opening …   Universalium

• Copper wire and cable — Copper has been used in electric wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the 1820s.[1][2] The invention of the telephone in 1876 proved to be another early boon for copper wire.[3] Today, despite competition from… …   Wikipedia

• Defence Research and Development Organisation — Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम् Strength s Origin is in Science [1] Agency overvi …   Wikipedia

• Fieldbus — (or field bus) is the name of a family of industrial computer network protocols used for real time distributed control, now standardized as IEC 61158.A complex automated industrial system mdash; say a manufacturing assembly line mdash; usually… …   Wikipedia